Why Is It So Hard To Close the Gender Pay Gap?

SMITH BRAIN TRUST – Equal pay for equal work. It’s a simple notion, but one that’s surprisingly hard to implement without buy-in from upper management and quantitative tools for decision support.

In recent research, Margrét Bjarnadóttir and Cristian Dezső from the University of Maryland's Robert H. Smith School of Business and co-authors examine the stubbornly persistent issue of gender pay inequity. Their research comes amid a rise of high-profile lawsuits targeting major employers, and as companies are increasingly turning to consultants and law firms to determine whether their pay practices are putting them in legal jeopardy. 

Writing about their research in Harvard Business Review, the authors say, “In our view, the most common approaches for identifying a pay gap and resolving it are full of pitfalls for the unwary.”

“That’s because it’s a tall order: you have to calculate the gap the right way and figure out how to fix it without ballooning your wage bill, all while truly helping underpaid women, maintaining your incentive structure, and avoiding the creation of new legal liabilities.”

In short, they say, focusing on cost of closing the gap, without considerations of fairness and equity can lead to more problems than it solves, potentially to new legal liabilities, corrupting incentives and at the end of the day, not helping women as much as intended.

The researchers offer a strategy of their own. First, quantify your pay gap using the standard analysis available. And, second, allocate raises as efficiently and reasonably as possible to close the divide. But make sure the raises conform with your HR strategy and norms of fairness.

It’s harder than it sounds, as the research shows that each employees influence on the pay gap is not trivial, in fact the research shows it is “frequently efficient to give certain men raises to reduce the gap, something that surprises even trained statisticians.” 

The authors write, “The mathematical reasons for this are complex, but the intuition is straightforward.” It happens when organizations seek to recalibrate pay based on certain workforce qualifications, such as seniority or education. “Perversely, you are paying women more ‘equitably’ by giving raises to certain men,” they write. “But this doesn’t necessarily mean pay is equitable. It just means you’ve shifted the indicators which drive how pay is determined.”

As a result, efforts solely based on cost efficiency may actually result in distorting, or compressing the pay structure. The researchers say they have observed cases in which “blindly allocating raises as cost-efficiently as possible” would invert the whole wage structure. “This means that you could pay less qualified women (in terms of education, experience, and job responsibilities) more than more qualified women – probably the opposite of what your HR strategy calls for.”

Thankfully, this happened in a simulated settings, not in the real world.

The winds may be changing. Increasingly, employers are taking proactive steps regarding pay equity, not because of regulatory mandates, but because of changing norms, and because offering equal pay can be used both as a recruiting and reputation enhancing tool. Salesforce, SAP, and Adobe all publicly advertise their steps to reach pay parity. And Audi, meanwhile, touted its commitment to pay equity in a commercial during Super Bowl LI. 

Having the decision support tools to optimize the pay decisions, driven by fairness, and avoiding the pitfalls of blind cost optimization can help companies take the right steps in achieving their goals of equal pay for equal work.

Read more:  On a Firm’s Optimal Response to Pressure for Gender Pay Equity, by David Anderson, Margrét V. Bjarnadóttir, Cristian Dezső and David Gaddis Ross, is featured in Organization Science and summariezed in Harvard Business Review (Jan. 21, 2019).

Margrét Bjarnadóttir is an Assistant Professor of Management Science and Statistics in the Department of Decisions, Operations and Information Technologies at the University of Maryland's Robert H. Smith School of Business.

Research interests: Operations research methods using large-scale data. Her work spans applications ranging from analyzing nationwide cross-ownership patterns and systemic risk in finance to drug surveillance and practice patterns in health care.

Selected accomplishments: Winner of the Smith School’s Top 15 Percent Teaching Award in 2013; papers published in Operations Research, The European Journal of Operations Research, IIE transactions on Health Care Systems, Pharmaco Economics and more.

About this series: Maryland Smith celebrates Women Leading Research during Women’s History Month. The initiative is organized in partnership with ADVANCE, an initiative to transform the University of Maryland by investing in a culture of inclusive excellence. Other Women's History Month activities include the eighth annual Women Leading Women forum on March 5, 2019.

Other fearless ideas from: Rajshree Agarwal | Ritu Agarwal | T. Leigh Anenson | Kathryn M. Bartol | Christine Beckman | Margrét Bjarnadóttir | M. Cecilia Bustamante | Jessica M. Clark | Rellie Derfler-Rozin | Waverly Ding | Wedad J. Elmaghraby | Rosellina Ferraro | Rebecca Hann | Amna Kirmani | Hanna Lee | Hui Liao | Jennifer Carson Marr | Wendy W. Moe | Courtney Paulson | Louiqa Raschid | Rebecca Ratner | Rachelle Sampson | Debra L. Shapiro | M. Susan Taylor | Niratcha (Grace) Tungtisanont | Vijaya Venkataramani | Janet Wagner | Yajin Wang | Liu Yang | Jie Zhang | Lingling Zhang